Abstract

Access to continuously monitored, safe water is a fundamental public health requirement. Municipal overhead tanks, commercial rooftop reservoirs, and domestic polyethylene storage vessels remain largely un-instrumented in developing economies. This review paper examines recent advancements in smart water tank monitoring systems, with a focus on the integration of Internet of Things (IoT) technologies and artificial intelligence-based object detection. The study analyzes a comprehensive, low-cost IoT platform that unifies four sensing modalities: (i) a Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) sensor with temperature-compensated con ductimetry; (ii) a precision pH meter with automatic temperature compensation (ATC) and online drift correction; (iii) an ultrasonic water level sensor with temperature-corrected echo processing; and (iv) a YOLOv8n deep learning object detection subsystem for continuous visual surveillance. Existing systems are evaluated in terms of accuracy, reliability, cost-effectiveness, and real-time performance across different deployment environments such as municipal, commercial, and domestic water storage tanks.

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