Abstract

Considering the industrial interest of poly-b-hydroxy butyrate (PHB) and its high production cost, work has been undertaken for the production of PHB by Alcaligenes latus (2311). Different industrial wastes (sesame, molasses, sago and paper waste) were used as a cheap substrate to minimize the production of cost and nitrogen limited minimal agar synthetic medium was also used for comparison. Accumulation of PHB granules in the organism was analyzed by sudan black method. The PHB production in various industrial waste based medium and nitrogen limited minimal agar synthetic medium was studied by crotonic acid method. The pure form of PHB was collected and qualitatively analyzed by infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance methods. Highest PHB production was found in nitrogen limited minimal agar synthetic medium. Among the various industrial wastes based media, highest yield was obtained with sesame oil waste as carbon source

References

• Ojumu TV, Yu J, Solomon BO: Production of Polyhydroxyalkanoates, a bacterial biodegradable polymer. Afr J Biotechnol 2004, 43:18-24.
• Zinn M, Witholtb B, Eglia T: Occurrence, synthesis and medical application of bacterial polyhydroxyalkanoate. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2001, 53:5-21
• Reddy CSK, Ghai R, Rashmi, Kalia VC: Polyhydroxyalkanoates: an overview. Bioresour Technol 2003, 87:137-146
• Lee SY: Bacterial polyhydroxyalkanoates. Biotechnol Bioeng 1996, 49:1-14.
• Amass W, Amass A, Tighe B: A review of biodegradable polymers: use, current developments in the synthesis and characterization of biodegradable polyesters, blends of biodegradable polymers and recent advances in biodegradable studies. Polym Int 1998, 47:89-144.
• Muller R-J, Kleeberg I, Deckwer W-D: Biodegradation of polyesters containing aromatic constituents. J Biotechnol 2001, 86:87-95.
• Anderson AJ, Dawes EA. Occurrence, metabolism, metabolic role, and industrial uses of bacterial polyhydroxyalkanoates. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev. 1990; 54 (4): 450-472
• Martin DP, Williams SF. Medical applications of poly-4-hydroxybutyrate: a strong flexible absorbable biomaterial. Biochem Eng J 2003;16:97–105
• Park, S. J. ,Choi,J. I. ,Lee,S. Y. ,2005b. Short-chain-lengthpolyhydroxyalkanoates: Synthesis inmetabolicallyengineered Escherichia coli and medicalapplica- tions. J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 15,206–215
• Hazer, B. , Steinbuchel, A. , 2007. Increased diversification of polyhydroxyalkanoates by modification reactions for industrial and medical applications. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 74, 1–12.
• Chen, G. Q. , 2009. A microbial polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) based bio- and materials industry. Chem. Soc. Rev. 38, 2434–2446.
• Doi, Y. , Kunioka, M. , Nakamura, Y. , Soga, K. , 1988. Nuclear magnetic-resonance studies on unusual bacterial copolyesters of 3-hydroxybutyrate and 4- hydroxybutyrate. Macromolecules 21, 2722–2727
• Saito,Y. ,Nakamura,S. ,Hiramitsu,M. ,Doi,Y. ,1996. Microbialsynthesisand properties of poly (3-hydroxybutyrate-co-4-hydroxybutyrate). Polym. Int. 39, 169–174
• Ishida,K. ,Wang,Y. ,Inoue,Y. ,2001. Comonomerunitcompositionandthermal properties ofpoly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-4-hydroxybutyrate)s biosynthesized by Ralstonia eutropha. Biomacromolecules2,1285–1293.
• Kunioka,M. ,Kawaguchi,Y. ,Doi,Y. ,1989. Productionofbiodegradablecopolye- sters of3-hydroxybutyrateand4-hydroxybutyrateby Alcaligenes eutrophus. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 30,569–573
• Valentin HE, Stuart ES, Fuller RC, Lenz RW and Dennis D. 1998. Investigation of the function of protein associated to polyhyroxyalkanoate inclusion in Pseudomonas putida BMO1. J Biotechnol. 63(2-3):145-57
• Saito,Y. ,Nakamura,S. ,Hiramitsu,M. ,Doi,Y. ,1996. Microbialsynthesisand properties ofpoly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-4-hydroxybutyrate). Polym. Int. 39, 169–174
• Ishida,K. ,Inoue,Y. ,2004. Modaldifferenceincomonomer-unitcompositional distributions ofpoly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-4-hydroxybutyrate)s biosynthe- sized bytwostrains, Ralstonia eutropha and Alcaligenes latus. Biomacromole- cules 5,1135–1140.
• Mitomo,H. ,Hsieh,W. C. ,Nishiwaki,K. ,Kasuya,K. ,Doi,Y. , 2001. Poly (3-hydroxybutyrate-co-4-hydroxybutyrate) producedby Comamonas acido- vorans. Polymer42,3455–3461
• Lee,W. H. ,Azizan,M. N. M. ,Sudesh,K. ,2004. Effectsofcultureconditionsonthe composition ofpoly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-4-hydroxybutyrate) synthesized by Comamonas acidovorans. Polym. Degrad. Stabil. 84,129–134
• Renner, G. et al. (1996) Production of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-4- hydroxybutyrate) by Comamonas testosteronii A3. Food Technol. Biotechnol. 34, 91–95
• Choi, M. H. et al. (1999) Production of poly(3-hydroxybutyric acid-co-4- hydroxybutyric acid) and poly(4-hydroxybutyric acid) without subsequent degradation by Hydrogenophaga pseudoflava. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 65, 1570– 1577
• Kunioka,M. ,Kawaguchi,Y. ,Doi,Y. ,1989. Productionofbiodegradablecopolye- sters of3-hydroxybutyrateand4-hydroxybutyrateby Alcaligenes eutrophus. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 30,569–573
• Mitomo,H. ,Hsieh,W. C. ,Nishiwaki,K. ,Kasuya,K. ,Doi,Y. ,2001. Poly (3-hydroxybutyrate-co-4-hydroxybutyrate) producedby Comamonas acido- vorans. Polymer42,3455–3461
• Lee,W. H. ,Azizan,M. N. M. ,Sudesh,K. ,2004. Effectsofcultureconditionsonthe composition ofpoly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-4-hydroxybutyrate) synthesized by Comamonas acidovorans. Polym. Degrad. Stabil. 84,129–134
• Kim, J. S. , Lee, B. H. , Kim, B. S. , 2005. Production of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-4- hydroxybutyrate) by Ralstonia eutropha. Biochem. Eng. J. 23, 169–174
• Lu, H. B. , Keller, J. , Yuan, Z. G. , 2007. Endogenous metabolism of Candidatus Accumulibacter phosphatis under various starvation conditions. Water Res. 41, 4646–4656
• Brdjanovic, D. , Slamet, A. , van Loosdrecht, M. C. M. , Hooijmans, C. M. , Alaerts, G. J. , Heijnen, J. J. , 1998. Impact of excessive aeration on biological phosphorus removal from waste water. Water Res. 32 (1), 200–208.
• Yilmaz, G. , Lemaire, R. , Keller, J. , Yuan, Z. , 2007. Effectiveness of an alternating aerobic, anoxic/anaerobic strategy for maintaining biomass activity of BNR sludge during long-term starvation. Water Res. 41 (12), 2590–2598
• Pijuan, M. , Werner, U. , Yuan, Z. G. , 2009. Effect of long term anaerobic and intermittent anaerobic/aerobic starvation on aerobic granules. Water Res. 43, 3622–3632
• van Loosdrecht, M. C. M. , Henze, M. , 1999. Maintenance, endogeneous respiration, lysis, decay and predation. Water Sci. Technol. 39 (1), 107–117
• Lopez, C. , Pons, M. N. , Morgenroth, E. , 2006. Endogenous processes during long-term starvation in activated sludge performing enhanced biological phosphorus removal. Water Res. 40 (8), 1519–1530
• Lu, H. B. , Keller, J. , Yuan, Z. G. , 2007. Endogenous metabolism of Candidatus Accumulibacter phosphatis under various starvation conditions. Water Res. 41, 4646–4656
• Wang, Y. Y. , Geng, J. J. , Ren, Z. J. , He, W. T. , Xing, M. Y. , Wu, M. , Chen, S. W. , 2011. Effect of anaerobic reaction time on denitrifying phosphorus removal and N2O production. Bioresour. Technol. 102, 5674–5684
• Pijuan, M. , Werner, U. , Yuan, Z. G. , 2009. Effect of long term anaerobic and intermittent anaerobic/aerobic starvation on aerobic granules. Water Res. 43, 3622–3632
• Braunegg, G, Lefebvre, G. and Genser, K. F. (1998) Polyhydroxyalkanoates, biopolyesters from renewable resources: physiological and engineering aspects. J. Biotechnol. 65; 127-61.
• Lee, S. Y and Chang, H. N. (1995). Production of poly (hydroxy alkanoic acid) Adv. Biochem. Eng. Biotechnol. 52; 27-58.
• Feischter, A. (1990). Plastics from bacteria and for bacteria: Poly (ß hydroxy alkanoates) as natural, biocompatible and biodegradable polyesters. Springer-verlag, New York, pp, 77-93
• Kitamura S, Doi Y (1994). Staining method of poly (3- hydroxyalkanotes acids) producing bacterial by nile blue. Biotechnol. Techniques 8:345-350
• Lee SY, Choi J (1999). Polyhydroxyalkanoate: biodegradable polymer. In Manual of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, 2 edn. Edited by Demain AL. , Deavies JE, Washington DC:ASM:616-627.
• Ramsay, J. A, Berger, E, Ramsay, B. A. and Chavarie, C. (1994a). Recovery of poly-3-hydeoxyalkanoic acid granules by a surfactant – hypochlorite treatment. Biotechnol. Techning 9(10); 709-712.
• Ramsay, Berger, E, Chaverie, C. and Ramsay, B. A. (1994b). Extraction of poly- 3-hydroxybutyrate using chlorinated solvents. Biotechnol. Techniques 8:589-594.
• Lee IY, Chang HN, Park YH (1995). A simple method for recovery of microbial poly - ? - hydroxybutrate by alkaline solution treatment. J. Microbial. Biotechnol. 5:238-240
• Law, Ralph, A. Slepecky (1960). Asay of poly b-hydroxyl butyric acid. J. Bacterioloty. 82:33-36.
• Lee, S. Y. , 1996, Bacterial Polyhydroxyalkanoates. Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 49 : 1- 14.
• Silverstein, Bassler, Morril (1981). Spectrometric identification of organic compounds. John wiley and Sons 4th Edn.
• Bernard N, KM Sandrs (1989). The poly Hydroxy butyrate granules in vivo. J. Biol. Chem. 264:3286-3292