Abstract

Optical sensors have emerged as vital tools in modern sensing technology owing to their sensitivity, immunity to electromagnetic interference, lightweight structure, and capability to operate under harsh environmental condition, By employing optical fiber as both transmission and sensing media, they enable accurate measurement of parameter such as temperature, strain, vibration. And pressure. Particularly Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) in uniform. Chirped, log-periodic, and tilted forms, offer localized high-precision measurements and are widely applied in structural health monitoring, biomedical devices, and aerospace systems. Quasi-distributed sensors enhance coverage by multiplexing multiple FBGs through time-division or wavelength- division schemes, enabling efficient long-distance monitoring. Distributed sensors, utilizing Rayleigh, Raman, and Brillouin scattering, provide continuous real time sensing along the full fiber length, proving indispensable in large-scale application such as geotechnics, pipelines, energy infrastructure, and transportation systems. Advances in fabrication techniques, multiplexing methods, and signal processing algorithms have significantly improved resolution, accuracy, and multi-parameter sensing capabilities. Key challenges remain in addressing temperature –strain cross sensitivity, long*range accuracy, and interrogation complexity. Future directions emphasize sensor miniaturization, hybrid designs, and integration with smart monitoring systems to meet the increasing demand for intelligent, scalable themselves as transformative technologies across multidisciplinary fields, robust and versatile platforms for next-generation monitoring and diagnostic applications.

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