Abstract

The proliferation of resource-constrained devices in the Internet of Things (IoT) has intensified the need for cryptographic algo- rithms that are both secure and efficient. Traditional cryptographic schemes such as AES and RSA, while robust, are often unsuit- able for embedded and low-power devices due to computational and memory demands. This paper presents a comprehensive re- view of lightweight cryptography (LWC), focusing on algorith- mic taxonomy, comparative hardware performance, standardiza- tion initiatives by NIST, and evolving attack countermeasures. A detailed comparative analysis of six algorithms is provided using performance metrics such as gate equivalents, throughput, energy efficiency, and side-channel attack resistance. Additional empha- sis is given to emerging paradigms such as memristive cryptogra- phy and post-quantum lightweight solutions. Visual aids including comparative tables, radar charts, and performance graphs illustrate trade-offs across algorithms. The study also identifies gaps in cur- rent research and outlines future directions, including AI-assisted cryptanalysis, bio-inspired architectures, and green cryptography.

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