Abstract

Wireless sensor networks have strict constrains in size, weight and energy. The conflict of long lifetime and strict energy constrain brings a natural integration of energy harvesting into wireless sensor networks. A modified low energy adaptive clustering hierarchy (LEACH) protocol has been proposed to increase the network life time. Modified LEACH is divided into two main phases at the first setup phase and at the second steady state phase. Setup phase has been modified such that cluster head (CH) selection will be selected only from advanced nodes. Results showed significant improvement in WSN overall lifetime. Simulations show number of dead nodes vs rounds. Comparison between pure LEACH and modified one showed significant improvement in lifetime, also comparison between modified LEACH and multi-path multi-hop energy efficient routing protocol shows significant improvement in performance.

References

• K. Sohraby, D. Minoli, and T. Znati, Routing Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks. Wiley, 2007. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470112762.ch6
• N. Alaoui, J. Cances, and V. Meghdadi, “Energy consumption in wireless sensor networks for network coding structure and arq protocol,” in 2015 International Conference on Electrical and Information Technologies (ICEIT), March 2015, pp. 317–321. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10. 1109/EITech.2015.7162963
• S. Misra and S. Goswami, Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks. Wiley, 2014. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/ 10.1002/9781119114864.ch11
• V. Rajaravivarma and and, “An overview of wireless sensor network and applications,” in Proceedings of the 35th Southeastern Symposium on System Theory, 2003., March 2003, pp. 432–436. [Online]. Available: https: //doi.org/10.1109/SSST.2003.1194607
• K. Sohraby, D. Minoli, and T. Znati, Applications of Wireless Sensor Networks. Wiley, 2007. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470112762.ch2
• K. A. Darabkh and O. A. Alsukour, “Novel protocols for improving the performance of odmrp and eodmrp over mobile ad hoc networks,” Int. J. Distrib. Sen. Netw., vol. 2015, pp. 174:174–174:174, Jan. 2016. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/348967
• R. T. Al-Zubi, M. Krunz, G. Al-Sukkar, M. Hawa, and K. A. Darabkh, “Packet recycling and delayed ack for improving the performance of tcp over manets,” Wireless Personal Communications, vol. 75, no. 2, pp. 943– 963, Mar 2014. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1007/ s11277-013-1401-8
• K. A. Darabkh, W. Y. Albtoush, and I. F. Jafar, “Improved clustering algorithms for target tracking in wireless sensor networks,” The Journal of Supercomputing, vol. 73, no. 5, pp. 1952–1977, May 2017. [Online]. Available: https: //doi.org/10.1007/s11227-016-1898-1
• K. A. Darabkh,W. S. Al-Rawashdeh, R. T. Al-Zubi, and S. H. Alnabelsi, “C-dtb-chr: centralized density- and thresholdbased cluster head replacement protocols for wireless sensor networks,” The Journal of Supercomputing, vol. 73, no. 12, pp. 5332–5353, Dec 2017. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11227-017-2089-4
• K. A. Darabkh, N. J. Al-Maaitah, I. F. Jafar, and A. F. Khalifeh, “Ea-crp: A novel energy-aware clustering and routing protocol in wireless sensor networks,” Computers & Electrical Engineering, vol. 72, pp. 702–718, 2018. [Online]. Available: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/ article/pii/S0045790617307644
• W. R. Heinzelman, A. Chandrakasan, and H. Balakrishnan, “Energy-efficient communication protocol for wireless microsensor networks,” in Proceedings of the 33rd Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, Jan 2000, pp. 10 pp. vol.2–. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1109/HICSS.2000.926982
• W. B. Heinzelman and A. P. Chandrakasan and H. Balakrishnan, “An application-specific protocol architecture for wireless microsensor networks,” IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, vol. 1, no. 4, pp. 660–670, Oct 2002. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1109/TWC. 2002.804190
• M. B. M. Taj and M. A. Kbir, “Ich–leach: An enhanced leach protocol for wireless sensor network,” in 2016 International Conference on Advanced Communication Systems and Information Security (ACOSIS), Oct 2016, pp. 1–5. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1109/ACOSIS.2016.7843949
• S. A. Alharthi and P. A. Johnson, “Threshold sensitive heterogeneous leach protocol for wireless sensor networks,” in 2016 24th Telecommunications Forum (TELFOR), Nov 2016, pp. 1–4. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1109/ TELFOR.2016.7818743
• G. S. Arumugam and T. Ponnuchamy, “Ee–leach: development of energy-efficient leach protocol for data gathering in wsn,” EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking, vol. 2015, no. 1, p. 76, Mar 2015. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13638-015-0306-5
• S. Al-Sodairi and R. Ouni, “Reliable and energy-efficient multi-hop leach-based clustering protocol for wireless sensor networks,” Sustainable Computing: Informatics and Systems, vol. 20, pp. 1–13, 2018. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.suscom.2018.08.007
• U. Kumbhalkar and S. Gangele, “Threshold-based energyestimated distributed routing algorithm in wireless sensor network,” International Journal of Scientific Research in Science, Engineering and Technology (IJSRSET), vol. 04, no. 09, pp. 149–158, 2018. [Online]. Available: http: //ijsrset.com/%20IJSRSET184916
• P. Sarkar and C. Kar, “Th–leach: Threshold value and heterogeneous nodes-based energy-efficient leach protocol,” in Algorithms and Applications, S. K. Das and N. Chaki, Eds. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018, pp. 41–49.
• M. Abo-Zahhad, M. Farrag, A. Ali, and O. Amin, “An energy consumption model for wireless sensor networks,” in 5th International Conference on Energy Aware Computing Systems Applications, March 2015, pp. 1–4. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1109/ICEAC.2015.7352200
• Y. M. Kadioglu, “Energy consumption model for data processing and transmission in energy harvesting wireless sensors,” in Computer and Information Sciences, T. Czach´orski, E. Gelenbe, K. Grochla, and R. Lent, Eds. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016, pp. 117–125.
• A. Amwary, D. Maga, and T. Nahdi, “Modified leach protocol for heterogeneous wireless networks,” in 2016 New Trends in Signal Processing (NTSP), Oct 2016, pp. 1–4. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1109/NTSP.2016.7747774
• F. Zhao, Y. Xu, R. Li, and W. Zhang, “Improved leach communication protocol for wsn,” in 2012 International Conference on Control Engineering and Communication Technology, Dec 2012, pp. 700–702. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1109/ICCECT.2012.